![]() ‘Neolithic’ being defined regionally through technology rather than subsistence), while others appear to relate to specific local environmental conditions placing foraging and farming on a more equal footing. Some of these can be explained simply through terminology (i.e. ![]() There are a number of notable exceptions-at the individual, site, and regional levels. A clear pattern emerges, with significant differences between Mesolithic and Neolithic isotopic composition, and, by inference, diets. This chapter provides a broad overview of this debate, drawing on the large amount of isotope data now available that permits wider regional considerations of trends in coastal and inland contexts across Europe. However, other lines of evidence sometimes suggest a less complete break. The nature of the transition to agriculture has been widely debated, particularly in the context of north-western Europe, where stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data have been argued to indicate a rapid, sharp shift in diet. This entry offers a preliminary examination of these as prolegomena to the development of a history of Meroitic art. Examples of art and architecture have typically been studied and published as individual artifacts without systematically contextualizing them within broader study of Meroitic aesthetics, explor ing the nature of Meroe's appropriations of Egyptian and classical styles and iconogra phy, creating a history of their stylistic development, or considering how the circum stances of their manufacture impacted their appearance. ![]() ![]() Michel Baud aptly described Meroitic art as multivalent in nature. Because Meroitic artists enjoyed a degree of autonomy, different visual styles and standards of quality coexisted without following particular paths of stylistic develop ment. During the Meroitic Period appropriations and adaptations of art from pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egypt and to a lesser extent from the Mediterranean world obscure its art's fundamental qualities. The history of Kush is a complex one in which the polities of Egypt, Kerma, Napata, and Meroe shaped the culture and historical trajectory of the Middle Nile Valley. ![]()
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